Last Updated: Jun 15, 2022
Quick Links: Table of Contents
- Australian Shepherd Versus Dalmatian: Introduction
- Australian Shepherd versus Dalmatian: Overview
- Australian Shepherd versus Dalmatian: Comparison Table
- The Most Remarkable Differences Between the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian
- The Similarities Between the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian
- Size Comparison of the Australian Shepherd versus Dalmatian
- Appearance (Colors) of the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian
- Lifespan of Australian Shepherd versus Dalmatian
- Temperament of the Dalmatian Versus the Australian Shepherd
- Price of Australian Shepherd versus Price of Dalmatian
- Adopting the Australian Shepherd versus Adopting the Dalmatian
- The Popularity of Australian Shepherd versus Popularity of Dalmatian
- Health Problems of Australian Shepherd versus Health Problems of Dalmatian
- Tolerates Being Alone: Australian Shepherd versus Dalmatian
- Do Australian Shepherds shed more than Dalmatians?
- Which is Easier to Groom, the Australian Shepherd or the Dalmatian?
- Which Dog Breed is more Dog-Friendly, the Australian Shepherd or the Dalmatian?
- Are Australian Shepherds good family dogs? What about Dalmatians?
- Is the Australian Shepherd Easier to Train than the Dalmatian?
- Which one drools more, the Australian Shepherd or the Dalmatian
- How Kid-friendly are Australian Shepherds and Dalmatians?
- Does the Australian Shepherd Have a Higher Prey Drive than the Dalmatian?
- Do Australian Shepherds Bark and Howl? What about Dalmatians?
- Can Australian Shepherds Tolerate Cold Weather? And can Dalmatians Tolerate Cold Weather?
- Wanderlust Potential: Australian Shepherd vs. Dalmatian
- Can Australian Shepherds Tolerate Hot Weather? Can Dalmatians Tolerate Hot Weather?
- Australian Shepherd Versus Other Dog Breeds
- Conclusion: Australian Shepherd versus Dalmatian. Which One is a Better Pet?
Australian Shepherd Versus Dalmatian: Introduction
Are you thinking of getting a new pet dog, and you have narrowed down your choices to the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian? Well, you have come to the right place. Because in this article, we will provide you with a detailed comparison of these two dog breeds to help you decide which of the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian better suits you.
We will provide you a detailed discussion and comparison of dog attributes such as intelligence, price, general health, friendliness, etc, for both the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian.
Furthermore, we will let you know which one of the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian is better suited for new dog owners, for owners with kids, for owners that live in apartments, for owners with dog allergies, etc.
Importantly, we did some analysis and calculation and we obtained a number that we call the Better-Pet Score™ for both the Australian Shepherd and for the Dalmatian. The dog breed with the higher Better-Pet score is the `better` pet. We hope that these Better-Pet Scores will provide you with more insight into deciding which pet to get between the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian.
Our only goal here is to help you make a well-thought-out decision on your next long-term companion, be it the Australian Shepherd or the Dalmatian.
Australian Shepherd versus Dalmatian: Overview
Both the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian are similar in size. The Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian are both medium-sized dogs.
Furthermore, the Australian Shepherd belongs to the Herding Dogs group. Herding Dogs were bred for moving livestock, including sheep, cattle, and even reindeer. Herding dogs work closely with their human shepherds, and their natural intelligence and responsiveness make them highly trainable. They have high levels of energy, which needs to be channeled properly to prevent destructive behavior. Herding breeds are protective of their people and property and make excellent watchdogs. Their intelligence, agility, and activity level make them well suited to dog sports.
On the other hand, the Dalmatian belongs to the Companion Dogs group. Companion Dogs were bred to be companions for humans. Their main goal in life is to be with people, and they will be very sad if left to themselves for long hours day after day.
Australian Shepherd versus Dalmatian: Comparison Table
The table below compares the Australian Shepherd to the Dalmatian based on different important factors such as Price, Health, Kid-friendliness, etc.
When a dog breed scores higher for a factor than the other dog breed, the box of the breed that scores higher is shaded green and the box of the breed that scores lower is shaded red. When there is no difference between the breeds for a particular factor then the box is shaded gray for both pets. Also, when the factor is not important in picking a pet, or when the factor cannot be compared between two pets, the box for the factor is shaded gray for both pets
Most of the factors in the table for each dog breed are ranked on a scale of 1 to 5. “1” means “worst”, and “5” means “best”.
However, some factors such as “Price”, “Average Lifespan”, etc. cannot be on a scale of 1 to 5, so they are not on a scale of 1 to 5 in the comparison table.
Later in this article, we will further explain each factor as it applies to the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian
Factor | Australian Shepherd | Dalmatian |
---|---|---|
Adapts Well To Apartment Living | 1/5 | 2/5 |
Does NOT Drool | 5/5 | 5/5 |
Easy To Groom | 1/5 | 5/5 |
Life Span | 12 to 15 years | 13 to 16 years |
Height | 18 to 23 inches tall at the shoulder | 19 to 24 inches tall at the shoulder |
Good For Novice Owners | 2/5 | 3/5 |
Tolerates Being Alone | 2/5 | 3/5 |
General Health | 2/5 | 4/5 |
Friendly Toward Strangers | 3/5 | 3/5 |
Does NOT Shed | 3/5 | 1/5 |
Tolerates Cold Weather | 4/5 | 3/5 |
Tolerates Hot Weather | 4/5 | 4/5 |
Kid-Friendly | 4/5 | 4/5 |
Potential NOT to Gain Weight | 2/5 | 2/5 |
Does NOT chew on things | 2/5 | 4/5 |
Low Prey Drive | 2/5 | 4/5 |
Does NOT Bark or Howl | 2/5 | 4/5 |
Calmness/ Low Vigor | 2/5 | 2/5 |
Weight | 40 to 65 pounds | 48 to 55 pounds |
Easygoing | 1/5 | 2/5 |
Affectionate With Family | 5/5 | 5/5 |
Dog Friendly | 5/5 | 4/5 |
Easy To Train | 5/5 | 4/5 |
Intelligence | 5/5 | 4/5 |
Tendency NOT to Wander | 1/5 | 2/5 |
NOT Rambunctious | 1/5 | 1/5 |
Minimal Exercise Needs | 1/5 | 1/5 |
Potential For Playfulness | 5/5 | 4/5 |
Average Lifespan | 13.5 years | 14.5 years |
Average Price | $1180 | $1410 |
Price Range | $800 – $1500 | $1000 – $1800 |
Temperament Score | 82.2 percent | 83.3 percent |
Common Health Problems and Recommended Health Tests | ||
Popularity out of 200 Dog Breeds | 15 | 59 |
Next, we added the scores of the factors that can be added together for the Australian Shepherd in the table (that is, `Ease of Grooming` score + `General Health` score + `Calmness` score + …etc) and we compared it to the corresponding total score for the Dalmatian. We call these total scores the Better-Pet Scores, as we mentioned earlier. We called this score the Better-Pet score because the better dog breed will have a higher score. This is because the pet will the higher score will have minimal needs and be easier to have as a pet.
The Better-Pet score for the Australian Shepherd is 70 out of 125 while the Better-Pet score for the Dalmatian is 80 out of 125.
Despite the higher Better-Pet score of the Dalmatian, we still believe that the Australian Shepherd is a better pet than the Dalmatian.
This is because Australian Shepherds are much cuter but you cannot put a score on cuteness. If you could put a score on cuteness, then the Australian Shepherd will come out on top.
Also, we are biased in favor of the Australian Shepherd :-). We are for the Australian Shepherd. So get a Australian Shepherd!
The Most Remarkable Differences Between the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian
Below is a list of where the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian are most different:
The Similarities Between the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian
The Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian are very similar in certain aspects. Below is the list of where the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian are most similar:
Size Comparison of the Australian Shepherd versus Dalmatian
Now, let us discuss the difference in size between the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian.
The Australian Shepherd weighs 40 to 65 pounds when fully grown. The Australian Shepherd is 18 to 23 inches tall at the shoulder when fully grown.
On the other hand, the Dalmatian weighs 48 to 55 pounds when fully grown. The Dalmatian is 19 to 24 inches tall at the shoulder when fully grown.
Appearance (Colors) of the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian
Australian Shepherd Colors
The Australian Shepherd comes in the following beautiful primary colors:
- Brown / Chocolate
- Tricolor (Brown, Black, & White)
- Black
- Merle (Red)
- Gray / Blue / Silver
- Red / Chestnut / Orange
- Yellow / Tan / Blond / Fawn
- Harlequin
- Merle (Blue)
- White / Cream
- Apricot / Beige
- Bicolor
- Golden
- Brindle
The Australian Shepherd comes in the following lovely secondary colors in addition to its primary colors:
- White / Cream
- Brown / Chocolate
- Yellow / Tan / Blond / Fawn
- Red / Chestnut / Orange
- Black
- Tricolor (Brown, Black, & White)
- Sable
- Gray / Blue / Silver
- Merle (Blue)
Dalmatian Colors
The Dalmatian comes in the following beautiful primary colors:
- Black
- White / Cream
- Harlequin
- Tricolor (Brown, Black, & White)
- Bicolor
- Brown / Chocolate
The Dalmatian comes in the following lovely secondary colors in addition to its primary colors:
- White / Cream
- Brown / Chocolate
- Black
- Yellow / Tan / Blond / Fawn
Lifespan of Australian Shepherd versus Dalmatian
The lifespan of the Australian Shepherd is between 12 to 15 years. The average lifespan of the Australian Shepherd is 13.5 years.
The lifespan of the Dalmatian is between 13 to 16 years. The average lifespan of the Dalmatian is 14.5 years.
The Dalmatian live longer than the Australian Shepherd.
Temperament of the Dalmatian Versus the Australian Shepherd
The Dalmatian has a better temperament than the Australian Shepherd.
This is because the temperament score for the Dalmatian is 83.3 percent while the temperament score for the Australian Shepherd is 82.2 percent, according to the American Temperament Test Society (ATTS).
The American Temperament Test Society (ATTS) is a non-profit organization whose mission is to provide fair and objective evaluations of the temperaments of dog breeds.
Dog breeds with low temperament scores tend to show unprovoked aggression, they easily panic without quickly recovering from the panic, and they tend to avoid people. However, dog breeds with high temperament scores are not aggressive and are not shy. Also, these dogs are generally friendly and are protective of their owners.
The average temperament score across all dog breeds (over 250 breeds) is 83.7 percent.
With its temperament score of 82.2 percent, the Australian Shepherd has a below-average temperament compared to other dog breeds.
With its temperament score of 83.3 percent, the Dalmatian has a below-average temperament compared to other dog breeds.
The ATTS obtained the temperament scores of the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian by measuring the temperaments of 702 Australian Shepherds and 359 Dalmatians.
Price of Australian Shepherd versus Price of Dalmatian
The average price of the Australian Shepherd puppy is $1180. The price of the Australian Shepherd typically ranges from $800 – $1500. However, the price of a Australian Shepherd can be as low as $100 and as high as $12009. We obtained this price information by reviewing the prices of 2674 Australian Shepherd puppies listed for sale from various sources.
The average price of the Dalmatian puppy is $1410. The price of the Dalmatian typically ranges from $1000 – $1800. However, the price of the Dalmatian can be as low as $250 and as high as $2600. We obtained this price information by collecting and reviewing the prices of 233 Dalmatian puppies listed for sale from various sources.
The Dalmatian is more expensive than the Australian Shepherd.
Australian Shepherd | Dalmatian | |
---|---|---|
Average Price | $1180 | $1410 |
Price Range | $800 to $1500 | $1000 to $1800 |
The charts below show the price distribution for the Australian Shepherd and Dalmatian. For different price points, the charts show how many Australian Shepherd puppies or how many Dalmatian puppies are listed for sale at those price points.
A breakdown of the prices of Australian Shepherds. The typical price range is shaded Green.
A breakdown of the prices of Dalmatians
Note that a lot of factors determine how much you can expect to pay for the Australian Shepherd puppy or the Dalmatian puppy. This includes if health screening tests have been performed on the puppy, if the puppy is from a famous pedigree, the US State where the puppy is bred, etc.
Nevertheless, when looking to buy a puppy, look at buying a puppy only from well-established breeders that breed puppies primarily for the love of dogs, and secondarily for profit. Do not buy a puppy from a puppy mill. Puppy mills mass-produce puppies in bad living conditions for maximum profit.
You may also consider adopting a dog instead of buying a dog.
Adopting the Australian Shepherd versus Adopting the Dalmatian
You may consider adopting a dog instead of buying a puppy. Many Australian Shepherds and many Dalmatians are currently available for adoption.
These adorable and cute dogs are waiting in dog shelters hoping that someday someone will rescue them. Furthermore, adoption costs are lesser than the cost of a new puppy. Dog adoption costs are usually around $300. In addition to your local dog shelter, a good place online to see dogs that are available for adoption is petfinder.com.
Below is an adorable Male Australian Shepherd named Pepperjack that is currently available for adoption on Petfinder.com. You can find other lovely adoptable Australian Shepherds like Pepperjack on pefinder.com.
Also, like Australian Shepherds, Dalmatians are also available for adoption. For example, Loki is a Male Dalmatian that is currently available for adoption on petfinder.com. You can find more Dalmatians like Loki that are up for adoption on petfinder.com.
22-096 Rescue Only is the name of another Australian Shepherd (Male) on petfinder.com that is looking for a new home.
Also, Hemi is an adorable Male Dalmatian on petfinder.com that you can adopt.
You can find more Australian Shepherds and Dalmatians that are available for adoption on petfinder.
The Popularity of Australian Shepherd versus Popularity of Dalmatian
Every year, the American Kennel Club (AKC) publishes information on how popular a dog breed is in that particular year. The AKC gets the popularity information of a breed from how many dogs of that breed the owners register with the AKC every year. The AKC collects this data for about 200 dog breeds. The AKC collects this data for purebred dogs only(no mixed or hybrid dogs).
The graphs and the table below show the popularity of the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian over the years.
Based on the AKC popularity data over the years, the Australian Shepherd is more popular with dog owners than the Dalmatian. This is because, over the years, the average popularity of the Australian Shepherd is 15 out of about 200 dog breeds while the average popularity of the Dalmatian is 59 out of about 200 dog breeds.
Popularity of Australian Shepherd
Popularity of Dalmatian
Year | Australian Shepherd Popularity Rank | Dalmatian Popularity Rank |
---|---|---|
2013 | 20 | 64 |
2014 | 18 | 66 |
2015 | 17 | 62 |
2016 | 16 | 62 |
2017 | 17 | 63 |
2018 | 15 | 56 |
2019 | 13 | 59 |
2020 | 12 | 51 |
2021 | 12 | 49 |
Health Problems of Australian Shepherd versus Health Problems of Dalmatian
Every dog breed has its own set of health problems that it has a tendency to develop. There is nothing like a perfect dog breed.
Both the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian are prone to certain genetic health conditions. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) is the organization that keeps track of health problems in dogs. Based on the extensive records that the OFA keeps, the OFA knows what health problems each dog breed is naturally prone to develop. Hence, the OFA recommends which health screening that breeders should perform on a dog breed to make sure that the breeders won`t breed `defective` dog parents that can pass down defective genes to their puppy offspring.
The more health problems a dog breed is prone to develop, the more health tests the OFA will recommend for that dog breed.
Based on our review of OFA records, we found that the Australian Shepherd is prone to more genetic health problems than the Dalmatian.
This is because the OFA recommends more screening health tests for the Australian Shepherd than for the Dalmatian.
7 health tests are recommended for Australian Shepherd while 2 tests are recommended for the Dalmatian.
Below is a detailed discussion of health problems in Australian Shepherds and in Dalmatians.
Australian Shepherd Health Problems
Australian Shepherds are genetically prone to certain health problems. However, breeders can reduce the chances of producing Australian Shepherd puppies with genetic defects by making sure that a puppy`s parents are free from genetic health problems before allowing the parent to make puppies.
The OFA provides breeders recommendations on which genetic diseases that breeders should screen their dog parents and puppies for.
If you want a Australian Shepherd puppy that will grow up to be healthy, make sure that your Australian Shepherd breeder screens your puppy or your puppy`s parents for the health problems that the OFA recommends for your puppy`s breed. This will increase the chances that your puppy is free from genetic defects.
The following are the health tests that Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) recommends that breeders should screen Australian Shepherds for:
You can find out more about OFA`s recommended tests for Australian Shepherds here.
Dalmatian Health Problems
Dalmatians are genetically prone to certain health problems. However, breeders can reduce the chances of producing Dalmatian puppies with genetic defects by making sure that a puppy`s parents are free from genetic health problems before allowing the parent to make puppies.
The OFA provides breeders recommendations on which genetic diseases that breeders should screen their dog parents and puppies for.
If you want a Dalmatian puppy that will grow up to be healthy, make sure that your Dalmatian breeder screens your puppy or your puppy`s parents for the health problems that the OFA recommends for your puppy`s breed. This will increase the chances that your puppy is free from genetic defects.
The following are the health tests that Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) recommends that breeders should screen Dalmatians for:
You can find out more about OFA`s recommended tests for Dalmatians here.
More Discussions on Health Problems in Australian Shepherds and Dalmatians
Based on our analysis of data from the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, of all known genetic health problems in dogs, the health problem that is most commonly seen in the Australian Shepherd Breed is Cataracts problems.
This is because the Australian Shepherd ranks 1 out of 5 dog breeds for Cataracts problems. In fact, in a health test conducted on 107 Australian Shepherds, 2 of them had Cataracts problems.
The genetic diseases that were found to commonly occur in Australian Shepherds, and how common these diseases are in Australian Shepherds relative to other dog breeds, are given below:
Based on our analysis of data from the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, of all known genetic health problems in dogs, the health problem that is most commonly seen in the Dalmatian Breed is Baer Hearing Test problems.
This is because the Dalmatian ranks 1 out of 21 dog breeds for Baer Hearing Test problems. In fact, in a health test conducted on 8730 Dalmatians, 1003 of them had Baer Hearing Test problems.
The genetic diseases that were found to commonly occur in Dalmatians, and how common these diseases are in Dalmatians relative to other dog breeds, are given below:
The table below lists the common health problems in Australian Shepherd and in Dalmatian and the rank (prevalence), compared to other dogs, of these health problems in the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian:
Disease | Australian Shepherd Rank | Dalmatian Rank |
---|---|---|
Cataracts problems | 1 out of 5 dog breeds | Not Common |
Multiple Drug Resistance (Mdr1) problems | 2 out of 7 dog breeds | Not Common |
Progressive Retinal Atrophy problems | 7 out of 32 dog breeds | Not Common |
Degenerative Myelopathy problems | 12 out of 70 dog breeds | 51 out of 70 dog breeds |
Shoulder problems | 19 out of 22 dog breeds | Not Common |
Dentition Database problems | 28 out of 49 dog breeds | 11 out of 49 dog breeds |
Congenital Cardiac problems | 60 out of 159 dog breeds | 10 out of 159 dog breeds |
Thyroid problems | 66 out of 115 dog breeds | 6 out of 115 dog breeds |
Elbow problems | 77 out of 144 dog breeds | 132 out of 144 dog breeds |
Patella problems | 103 out of 145 dog breeds | Not Common |
Eyes problems | 133 out of 182 dog breeds | 161 out of 182 dog breeds |
Hips problems | 150 out of 198 dog breeds | 170 out of 198 dog breeds |
Baer Hearing Test problems | Not Common | 1 out of 21 dog breeds |
Hyperuricosuria problems | Not Common | 1 out of 11 dog breeds |
Advanced Cardiac problems | Not Common | 9 out of 71 dog breeds |
*To learn more about each of these diseases, go to OFA.org and search for the disease.
Again, most of these health problems can be prevented through health screening. Responsible breeders screen male and female dog parents for genetic problems. These breeders will only breed dogs that are free of genetic defects. That way, there is little or no chance that their puppies will grow up to have genetic health problems. Always ask a breeder for the list of health tests the breeder screens their dogs for before buying a puppy from such a breeder.
Tolerates Being Alone: Australian Shepherd versus Dalmatian
Australian Shepherds do not like to be left alone.
Dalmatians can be left alone only for a short time.
Do Australian Shepherds shed more than Dalmatians?
Australian Shepherds shed moderately.
Dalmatians shed. They are not recommended for people with dog allergies.
Which is Easier to Groom, the Australian Shepherd or the Dalmatian?
Australian Shepherds require a lot of grooming and they are not very easy to groom.
Dalmatians are very easy to groom.
Which Dog Breed is more Dog-Friendly, the Australian Shepherd or the Dalmatian?
Australian Shepherds get along very well with other dogs.
Dalmatians get along very well with other dogs.
Are Australian Shepherds good family dogs? What about Dalmatians?
Australian Shepherds are great family dogs. They are very affectionate with family.
Dalmatians are great family dogs. They are very affectionate with family.
Is the Australian Shepherd Easier to Train than the Dalmatian?
Australian Shepherds are very easy to train.
Dalmatians are very easy to train.
Which one drools more, the Australian Shepherd or the Dalmatian
Australian Shepherds do have a very low tendency to drool.
Dalmatians do have a very low tendency to drool.
How Kid-friendly are Australian Shepherds and Dalmatians?
Australian Shepherds get along well with kids. They are kid-friendly.
Dalmatians get along well with kids. They are kid-friendly.
Does the Australian Shepherd Have a Higher Prey Drive than the Dalmatian?
Australian Shepherds have a high prey drive. They have the tendency to chase after smaller animals and pets. They do not get along well with other pets.
Dalmatians have a very low prey drive. This means they get won`t chase after smaller pets. They tend to get along well with other pets.
Do Australian Shepherds Bark and Howl? What about Dalmatians?
Australian Shepherds are highly vocal. They have the tendency to bark and howl.
Dalmatians are not very vocal. They do not tend to bark and howl.
Can Australian Shepherds Tolerate Cold Weather? And can Dalmatians Tolerate Cold Weather?
Australian Shepherds can very well tolerate cold weather.
Dalmatians can moderately tolerate cold weather.
Wanderlust Potential: Australian Shepherd vs. Dalmatian
Australian Shepherds have a high tendency to wander. They are easily distracted by other animals or objects.
Dalmatians have a high tendency to wander. They are easily distracted by other animals or objects.
Can Australian Shepherds Tolerate Hot Weather? Can Dalmatians Tolerate Hot Weather?
Australian Shepherds can tolerate hot weather.
Dalmatians can tolerate hot weather.
Is the Australian Shepherd Better for Apartment Owners than the Dalmatian?
Australian Shepherds do not adapt well to apartment living.
Dalmatians do not adapt well to apartment living.
Which is Better for New Dog Owners, the Australian Shepherd or the Dalmatian?
Australian Shepherds are not the best dogs for new dog owners.
Dalmatians are OK for new dog owners.
Australian Shepherd Versus Other Dog Breeds
You may also be interested in how the Australian Shepherd compares to other breeds aside from the Dalmatian. So, see below the links to the comparison of the Australian Shepherd to other breeds:
Australian Shepherd versus Caucasian Shepherd Dog Australian Shepherd versus Doberman Pinscher Australian Shepherd versus Pomeranian Australian Shepherd versus Shih Tzu Australian Shepherd versus English Toy Spaniel Australian Shepherd versus German Shorthaired Pointer Australian Shepherd versus French Bulldog Australian Shepherd versus Giant Schnauzer Australian Shepherd versus Goldendoodle Australian Shepherd versus Belgian Tervuren Australian Shepherd versus Boxer Australian Shepherd versus Chi-Poo Australian Shepherd versus Komondor Australian Shepherd versus Morkie Australian Shepherd versus Affenhuahua Australian Shepherd versus Hovawart Australian Shepherd versus Xoloitzcuintli
Conclusion: Australian Shepherd versus Dalmatian. Which One is a Better Pet?
In summary, there is nothing like a better dog breed or a worse dog breed. The important question to ask is which dog breed better matches your interests and lifestyle. We hope our discussion above will help you in deciding which dog breed between the Australian Shepherd and the Dalmatian better suits you and your family.